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世界第一條地鐵,世界上第一條地鐵是怎么誕生的，如何挖的地道？

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世界上第一條地鐵是如何建造的世界第一條地鐵？

世界第一條地鐵,世界上第一條地鐵是怎么誕生的，如何挖的地道？

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It was the dawn of 1863, and London’s not-yet-opened subway system, the first of its kind in the world, had the city in an uproar.
在公元 1863 年的黎明,第一個擁有地鐵系統的都市倫敦 ， 地鐵雖尚未營運 ， 但城市已經在喧囂之中.
Digging a hole under the city and putting a railroad in it seemed the stuff of dreams.
在城市底下挖個洞并將軌道放進去,曾經聽起來像是個夢想.
Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell.
酒館里的酒客都嘲笑這個想法,當地的官員還指控地鐵公司正試圖開啟地獄之門.
Most people simply thought the project, which cost more than 100 million dollars in today’s money, would never work.
大部分的人都覺得這項在今日會耗資超過幾億的計劃是不可能實現的.
But it did.
但是成功了
On January 10, 1863, 30,000 people ventured underground to travel on the world’s first subway on a four-mile stretch of line in London.
1863 年 1 月 10 日三萬個民眾在世界上第一個地下鐵道系統通勤當時在倫敦的鐵道長達四哩.
After three years of construction and a few setbacks, the Metropolitan Railway was ready for business.
經過三年的建設和一些挫折后 ， 都市鐵道系統已準備好開始正式商業營運.
The city’s officials were much relieved.
城市官員都松了口氣.
They’d been desperate to find a way to reduce the terrible congestion on the roads.
因為人們已經對他們改善交通阻塞的能力感到失望.
London, at the time the world’s largest and most prosperous city, was in a permanent state of gridlock, with carts, costermongers, cows, and commuters jamming the roads.
當時倫敦身為全世界最大最繁榮的都市長期飽受交通雍塞之苦馬車、攤販、牛車和通勤族都塞在路上.
It’d been a Victorian visionary, Charles Pearson, who first thought of putting railways under the ground.
Charles Pearson 是維多利亞時代第一個想到將鐵道放到地底下的前瞻者.
He’d lobbied for underground trains throughout the 1840s, but opponents thought the idea was impractical since the railroads at the time only had short tunnels under hills.
他在1840年代發表地底鐵道系統的概念,但反對者認為這是個不切實際的想法因為當時的在山丘下只建有很短的隧道鐵路.
How could you get a railway through the center of a city?
你要如何把整個鐵道放到是市中心下呢？
The answer was a simple system called \”cut and cover.\”
答案是一個稱做「明挖回填式」的簡單方法
Workers had to dig a huge trench, construct a tunnel out of brick archways, and then refill the hole over the newly built tunnel.
工人要挖一個很大的溝渠用磚塊建造一個拱形的隧道再重新填平新建隧道的溝渠.
Because this was disruptive and required the demolition of buildings above the tunnels, most of the line went under existing roads.
因為這個方法是破壞性的,而且隧道上方的建筑物也會遭到破壞,大部分的鐵道路線都建在馬路下方.
Of course, there were accidents.
當然 ， 還是有意外發生
On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm flooded the nearby sewers and burst through the excavation, delaying the project by several months.
有一次 ， 一場傾盆大雨使水淹到旁邊的下水道沖破地鐵系統的地道使得這項計畫延遲了好幾個月.
But as soon as the Metropolitan Railway opened, Londoners rushed in to ride the new trains.
但當地鐵系統一開始營運倫敦人就搶搭新型火車.
The Metropolitan quickly became a vital part of London’s transport system.
地鐵很快變成倫敦交通中重要的一部分
【世界第一條地鐵,世界上第一條地鐵是怎么誕生的，如何挖的地道？】Additional lines were soon built, and new suburbs grew around the stations.
隨著更多的路線興建 ， 車站旁的市郊隨之發展.
Big department stores opened next to the railroad, and the railway company even created attractions, like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls Court to bring in tourists by train.
大型百貨公司都開在地鐵旁鐵路公司便創造了新的賣點,像是位于倫敦伯爵宮的摩天輪就是倚賴地鐵帶來的觀光人潮.
Within 30 years, London’s subway system covered 80 kilometers, with lines in the center of town running in tunnels, and suburban trains operating on the surface, often on embankments.
30年內 ， 倫敦地鐵就長達了80公里 ， 包括市中心下的隧道以及在市郊陸地上、路堤上營運的鐵路.
But London was still growing, and everyone wanted to be connected to the system.
但倫敦市區還在擴大每個地方都想與地鐵相通.
By the late 1880s, the city had become too dense with buildings, sewers, and electric cables for the \”cut and cover\” technique, so a new system had to be devised.
大約在1880年代晚期 ， 城市的建筑、下水道和管線密集度對于要實施「明挖回填式」實在太高了所以必須建一個新的系統.
Using a machine called the Greathead Shield, a team of just 12 workers could bore through the earth, carving deep underground tunnels through the London clay.
他們使用一種稱做「潛盾隧道」的機械,一組約12個工人便可以探鉆在倫敦土地下挖掘更深的隧道.
These new lines, called tubes, were at varying depths, but usually about 25 meters deeper than the \”cut and cover\” lines.
這些稱做 tubes 新路線位于各種不同的深度,實際上比采「明挖回填式」的隧道還深約 25 公尺.
This meant their construction didn’t disturb the surface, and it was possible to dig under buildings.
顯示這種建造方法不會破壞路面而且可以在建筑下挖掘.
The first tube line, the City and South London, opened in 1890 and proved so successful that half a dozen more lines were built in the next 20 years.
第一條 tube 路線「城市及南倫敦鐵路」在 1890 年營運而且運作相當成功,在接下來 20 年內又另外興建了超過六條的路線.
This clever new technology was even used to burrow several lines under London’s river, the Thames.
這項聰明的新科技也被運用在倫敦泰晤士河下的地鐵路線興建.
By the early 20th century, Budapest, Berlin, Paris, and New York had all built subways of their own.
大約在20世紀早期布達佩斯、柏林、巴黎和紐約也紛紛興建它們自己的地鐵系統 。
And today, with more than 160 cities in 55 countries using underground rails to combat congestion, we can thank Charles Pearson and the Metropolitan Railway for getting us started on the right track.
在今日 ， 有超過 55 個國家、160 個城市都運用地鐵系統來紓解交通 ， 這都要感謝Charles Pearson和都市地鐵系統讓我們的城市發展從一開始就走在正途上 。