世界第一條地鐵:世界上第一條地鐵是如何建造的 _世界第一條地鐵

文章插圖
世界上第一條地鐵位于英國倫敦的大都會(huì)鐵路世界第一條地鐵，線路全長約有六公里，是倫敦地鐵最初的一部分線路。該條線路位于帕丁頓站與舊法靈頓街站（位于現(xiàn)在的法靈頓站西北）之間。此條地鐵的隧道并沒有用盾構(gòu)法修建，而采用的是開挖回填的方法修建。
早在1843年，英國人皮爾遜就設(shè)計(jì)出了全世界第一個(gè)城市地鐵系統(tǒng)，直到十年之后，英國議會(huì)才批準(zhǔn)了倫敦地鐵的修建。而由于當(dāng)時(shí)財(cái)政、技術(shù)等各方面因素而一再被推遲，直到1863年的1月10日，這條全長約六公里的線路才全線通車并正式運(yùn)作，在運(yùn)營當(dāng)日就有約四萬名乘客搭乘此條線路。
當(dāng)時(shí)地鐵乘坐體驗(yàn)并沒有現(xiàn)在這么的舒適。由于當(dāng)時(shí)電力并未普及，因此地鐵內(nèi)所有的牽引機(jī)車均為蒸汽機(jī)車。而蒸汽機(jī)車行駛在隧道內(nèi)時(shí)會(huì)釋放出大量對(duì)人體有害的廢氣，雖然在設(shè)計(jì)建造之初就在隧道內(nèi)每隔一段距離留有通風(fēng)口。但是并沒有使隧道內(nèi)的廢氣快速排出，乘客在搭乘地鐵時(shí)常常會(huì)因吸入廢氣而感到氣悶，甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)有人暈倒在地鐵里的現(xiàn)象。即便如此，此條地鐵在當(dāng)時(shí)還是受到了極大的歡迎，倫敦市民甚至是當(dāng)時(shí)的一些貴族也都爭相乘坐地鐵。而一直到1890年，才出現(xiàn)了第一條電氣地鐵。
我國修建的第一條地鐵線路是北京地鐵1號(hào)線。于1965年7月1日開工建設(shè)，一期工程于1969年10月1日試運(yùn)營。1971年的1月15日，北京地鐵1號(hào)線正式運(yùn)營。
世界上第一條地鐵是如何建造的？

文章插圖
It was the dawn of 1863, and London’s not-yet-opened subway system, the first of its kind in the world, had the city in an uproar.
在公元 1863 年的黎明,第一個(gè)擁有地鐵系統(tǒng)的都市倫敦，地鐵雖尚未營運(yùn)，但城市已經(jīng)在喧囂之中.
Digging a hole under the city and putting a railroad in it seemed the stuff of dreams.
在城市底下挖個(gè)洞并將軌道放進(jìn)去,曾經(jīng)聽起來像是個(gè)夢(mèng)想.
Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell.
酒館里的酒客都嘲笑這個(gè)想法,當(dāng)?shù)氐墓賳T還指控地鐵公司正試圖開啟地獄之門.
Most people simply thought the project, which cost more than 100 million dollars in today’s money, would never work.
大部分的人都覺得這項(xiàng)在今日會(huì)耗資超過幾億的計(jì)劃是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的.
But it did.
但是成功了
On January 10, 1863, 30,000 people ventured underground to travel on the world’s first subway on a four-mile stretch of line in London.
1863 年 1 月 10 日三萬個(gè)民眾在世界上第一個(gè)地下鐵道系統(tǒng)通勤當(dāng)時(shí)在倫敦的鐵道長達(dá)四哩.
After three years of construction and a few setbacks, the Metropolitan Railway was ready for business.
經(jīng)過三年的建設(shè)和一些挫折后，都市鐵道系統(tǒng)已準(zhǔn)備好開始正式商業(yè)營運(yùn).
The city’s officials were much relieved.
城市官員都松了口氣.
They’d been desperate to find a way to reduce the terrible congestion on the roads.
因?yàn)槿藗円呀?jīng)對(duì)他們改善交通阻塞的能力感到失望.
London, at the time the world’s largest and most prosperous city, was in a permanent state of gridlock, with carts, costermongers, cows, and commuters jamming the roads.
當(dāng)時(shí)倫敦身為全世界最大最繁榮的都市長期飽受交通雍塞之苦馬車、攤販、牛車和通勤族都塞在路上.
It’d been a Victorian visionary, Charles Pearson, who first thought of putting railways under the ground.
Charles Pearson 是維多利亞時(shí)代第一個(gè)想到將鐵道放到地底下的前瞻者.
He’d lobbied for underground trains throughout the 1840s, but opponents thought the idea was impractical since the railroads at the time only had short tunnels under hills.
他在1840年代發(fā)表地底鐵道系統(tǒng)的概念,但反對(duì)者認(rèn)為這是個(gè)不切實(shí)際的想法因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的在山丘下只建有很短的隧道鐵路.
How could you get a railway through the center of a city?
你要如何把整個(gè)鐵道放到是市中心下呢？
The answer was a simple system called “cut and cover.”
答案是一個(gè)稱做「明挖回填式」的簡單方法
Workers had to dig a huge trench, construct a tunnel out of brick archways, and then refill the hole over the newly built tunnel.
工人要挖一個(gè)很大的溝渠用磚塊建造一個(gè)拱形的隧道再重新填平新建隧道的溝渠.
Because this was disruptive and required the demolition of buildings above the tunnels, most of the line went under existing roads.
因?yàn)檫@個(gè)方法是破壞性的,而且隧道上方的建筑物也會(huì)遭到破壞,大部分的鐵道路線都建在馬路下方.
Of course, there were accidents.
當(dāng)然，還是有意外發(fā)生
On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm flooded the nearby sewers and burst through the excavation, delaying the project by several months.
有一次，一場傾盆大雨使水淹到旁邊的下水道沖破地鐵系統(tǒng)的地道使得這項(xiàng)計(jì)畫延遲了好幾個(gè)月.
But as soon as the Metropolitan Railway opened, Londoners rushed in to ride the new trains.
但當(dāng)?shù)罔F系統(tǒng)一開始營運(yùn)倫敦人就搶搭新型火車.
The Metropolitan quickly became a vital part of London’s transport system.
地鐵很快變成倫敦交通中重要的一部分
Additional lines were soon built, and new suburbs grew around the stations.
隨著更多的路線興建，車站旁的市郊隨之發(fā)展.
Big department stores opened next to the railroad, and the railway company even created attractions, like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls Court to bring in tourists by train.
大型百貨公司都開在地鐵旁鐵路公司便創(chuàng)造了新的賣點(diǎn),像是位于倫敦伯爵宮的摩天輪就是倚賴地鐵帶來的觀光人潮.
Within 30 years, London’s subway system covered 80 kilometers, with lines in the center of town running in tunnels, and suburban trains operating on the surface, often on embankments.
30年內(nèi)，倫敦地鐵就長達(dá)了80公里，包括市中心下的隧道以及在市郊陸地上、路堤上營運(yùn)的鐵路.
【世界第一條地鐵:世界上第一條地鐵是如何建造的】But London was still growing, and everyone wanted to be connected to the system.
但倫敦市區(qū)還在擴(kuò)大每個(gè)地方都想與地鐵相通.
By the late 1880s, the city had become too dense with buildings, sewers, and electric cables for the “cut and cover” technique, so a new system had to be devised.
大約在1880年代晚期，城市的建筑、下水道和管線密集度對(duì)于要實(shí)施「明挖回填式」實(shí)在太高了所以必須建一個(gè)新的系統(tǒng).
Using a machine called the Greathead Shield, a team of just 12 workers could bore through the earth, carving deep underground tunnels through the London clay.
他們使用一種稱做「潛盾隧道」的機(jī)械,一組約12個(gè)工人便可以探鉆在倫敦土地下挖掘更深的隧道.
These new lines, called tubes, were at varying depths, but usually about 25 meters deeper than the “cut and cover” lines.
這些稱做 tubes 新路線位于各種不同的深度,實(shí)際上比采「明挖回填式」的隧道還深約 25 公尺.
This meant their construction didn’t disturb the surface, and it was possible to dig under buildings.
顯示這種建造方法不會(huì)破壞路面而且可以在建筑下挖掘.
The first tube line, the City and South London, opened in 1890 and proved so successful that half a dozen more lines were built in the next 20 years.
第一條 tube 路線「城市及南倫敦鐵路」在 1890 年?duì)I運(yùn)而且運(yùn)作相當(dāng)成功,在接下來 20 年內(nèi)又另外興建了超過六條的路線.
This clever new technology was even used to burrow several lines under London’s river, the Thames.
這項(xiàng)聰明的新科技也被運(yùn)用在倫敦泰晤士河下的地鐵路線興建.
By the early 20th century, Budapest, Berlin, Paris, and New York had all built subways of their own.
大約在20世紀(jì)早期布達(dá)佩斯、柏林、巴黎和紐約也紛紛興建它們自己的地鐵系統(tǒng) 。
And today, with more than 160 cities in 55 countries using underground rails to combat congestion, we can thank Charles Pearson and the Metropolitan Railway for getting us started on the right track.
在今日，有超過 55 個(gè)國家、160 個(gè)城市都運(yùn)用地鐵系統(tǒng)來紓解交通，這都要感謝Charles Pearson和都市地鐵系統(tǒng)讓我們的城市發(fā)展從一開始就走在正途上。

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世界第一條地鐵:世界上第一條地鐵是如何建造的