gre 官方作文題目 gre作文批改

gre:Argumen正文部分的寫作方法
對于正文部分的寫作 。我們首要關心的是正文的結構 。其次是正文展開的攻擊策略以及信號詞、常用
句型等 。
1.正文的結構
正文的結構應盡可能地反映整篇文章的論證過程 。考生應該對原論述的論據(evidence)和假設
(assumption),原論述的中間結論(intermediate conclusion)(如果有的話)以及終的結論(final conclusion)依次
進行批駁 。如果原論述中有三個明顯的漏洞,且把每個漏洞作為一段展開攻擊的話,正文部分的結構如下:
1)A first major assumption (about an item of evidence) is needed to justify the intermediate conclusion.
2)A second major assumption (about an item of evidence) is also needed to justify the intermediate
conclusion.
3)If the intermediate conclusion is true, n third major assumption is still needed to justify the final
conclusion.
對于某些Argumen咪說 。評論的關鍵在于對該Argument的結論成立所依賴的某個初始假設進行批駁 。下面
我們給出了這種類型命題的正文部分的結構(分四段論證):
1)The threshold assumption is needed before addressing the argument's main line of reasoning.
2) If the threshold assumption is true, a first major assumption (about an item of evidence) is still needed to
justify the argument's conclusion.
3)If the threshold assumption is true, a second major assumption (about an item of evidence) is still
needed to justify the argument's conclusion.
4) Even if all of the foregoing assumptions are true, a third (and final) major assumption is still needed to
justify the argument's conclusion.
當然,大多數的Argument文章并不會完全符合上面所講到的兩種結構,但是評論Argument的主要思路都
是一樣的:跟蹤原文的推理過程 。從原文的論據人手,接下來考慮原文的假設和中間結論(如果有的話),后
再考慮原文的終結論 。在Argument正文的寫作過程中 ??忌⒁庖韵聨c:
1)每一段第一句話為主題句(topic sentence) 。指出將要展開分析的邏輯錯誤;
2)在寫正文時要按邏輯錯誤來分段 。段落的數址一般以三到四段為 。先攻擊主要的邏輯錯誤,然后涉
及一般性問題 。如果某題的邏輯錯誤多于三個,則可以用前兩段先分別攻擊兩個主要邏輯錯誤,其他次
要邏輯錯誤全部放在正文的第三段;
3)許多Argument的論斷都依賴于某些“初始化”假設(例如,一個含糊不清的或未定義的詞語的愈思) 。提出這類假設的址合乎邏輯的位置是正文部分的第一段 。因為這樣將會為你批駁整篇Argument文章的推
理掃清障礙;
4)許多Argument會依賴于這樣的瑕設:作者建議的行為是達到既定的目的或結果的必要、充分或充要條
件 。討論這類假設的合乎邏輯的位置是在正文部分的后一段 。在這一段中,你承認所有其他似設是
正確的 。然后再對該假設進行批駁;
5)有些Argumen體身就有邏輯問題(例如,自相矛后的建議或目標、循環論證等) 。通常 。解決這類問題的
般合乎邏輯的位置是正文部分后一段 。在這一段中 。你承認所有其他假設都是正確的 。然后再對該邏
輯問題進行批駁 。
在大多數情況下,考生可以按照上面所講的原則來確定主體部分的段數以及段落之間的邏輯順序 。除此
之外,考生還可以考慮下面兩方面的內容:
1)Suggestions as to how the Argument can be strengthened.
2)Additional information needed to evaluate the Argument.
如果時間允許 ??忌涂梢栽谧约旱脑u論中加人以上兩方面的內容 。其方法如下:
1)把你的建議(或必要的額外信息)融入每一個主體段的寫作過程中 。比如:指出某一個特定的假設要想
成立,需要額外的證據支持;
2)在后一段,羅列出你的建議(或額外信息) 。
2、正文的攻擊策略
在Argument正文的寫作過性中,對題日所包含的邏輯錯誤的識別固然重要 。但為關鍵的是對這些錯誤和漏洞的分析 。即為什么它們是推理或論證過程中的謬誤?這實際上就是關于如何展開正文段的寫作的問題 。
正文的每一段都要展開剖析典型的邏輯錯誤 。具體如何批駁是十分靈活的 。從總體上講 。主要的攻擊策略有:
·指出推理或論證中出現的謬誤:作者要明確指出為什么某個地方可以被認為是推理或論證謬誤?它錯在什么地方?
.提出改進建議:指出哪些證據可以加強原論述,或對原論述做出怎樣的改變可以使它更有邏輯性 。
.尋求其他解釋:是否可以設想是其他原因導致了某一結果;是否可以換一個角度解釋某一現象;例如題中說事件人是事件B的原因 。如果作者認為A不是B的原因 。就應該指出真正的原因可能是什么,并論證這個真正原因成立的可能性 。
·舉出反例:假設對原論述不利或削弱其邏輯性的論據出現 。同樣 。假如題目說事件A是事件B的原因 。
如果作者認為A不是B的原因 。只需舉出若干相反的例證就夠了 。
.解剖推理過程:追蹤原論述的推理思路,看看它是由哪些要農構成的 。
3.正文部分的轉折過渡詞
正文段落之間的起承轉合以及過渡銜接離不開轉折過渡詞 。正文部分的三個(或四個)段落一般是彼此并
列或層層遞進的關系 。考生會很自然地運用諸如“First”, “Second”, “Third”, “Last but not least”這樣的轉折過
渡詞或短語 。這樣的做法無可厚非 。但是恰恰是因為大多數的人郁會這樣做 。你不妨對這種賬本式的羅列略微
做一些變化 。在千篇一律的文章之中,只要你的文章看起來有些與眾不同,那么定然要比別人多一些優勢 。
1)承上啟下
a) In the first place, In the second place, In the third place
b) First of all, In addition, Finally
c) To be鄉n with, Furthermore, Last but not least
d) Most obviously, In addition, Finally
e) The major problem with this argument is that…/ Another problem that weakens/ undermines the logic
of this argument is thatJ Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw /
several other flaws that undermine(s) the argument.
2)例證:for example / instance
3)假設:if, even if, given that, granted that, only when, unless, in this / that case, even so, unless the arguer
provides substantial evidence regarding / concerning / as to…,the assumption that… is unfounded /
problematic / unconvincing…
4)推測:it is possible that…,it is equally possible that…,another possibility is that…,it is also likely that…,
possibly, perhaps
注意:
以上這些詞或者短語要用得自然,不可濫用,不要搞得滿篇都是這些轉折過渡詞 。用這些詞的關健在
于結合丈章的退樣發展,自然而靈活地應用,只要達到使丈章上下文有機地聯系在一起的目的即可 。
4.正文部分的常用句型
正文部分每一段的第一句話通常是該段的主題句(topic sentence) 。這也是閱卷者必看的一句話 。所以考生
不但要確保這一句話在語育上精彩、地道,而且要準確無誤地描述一個將要攻擊的邏輯錯誤 。下面給出了主題
句的一些常見表達方法,供考生參考 。
1)Another assumption short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed between… and…
2)Another reasoning error is that…
3) Another weakness worth pointing out is that…
4) Given that…,the author made a premature conclusion/ the author's claim /conclusion is premature.
5)If so, even if…the argument that… would be seriously undermined.
6) Not only does the author fail to…,but also he fails to…
7) The arguer assumes that… However, no evidence is provided to support this assumption. We are only
informed that…
8) The arguer assumes that… may be indicative of.二However, there is no clear / compelling evidence to prove
that…
9) The arguer assumes that… merely based on the fact that…
【gre 官方作文題目 gre作文批改】10) The arguer commits a fallacy of…
11)The arguer fails to consider/ acknowledge and rule out /eliminate/ exclude other possibilities/ factors that…
12) The arguer fails to consider / fails to take into account / ignores / neglects / overlooks the possibility that…
13)The arguer fails to convince us that…
14)The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact that …and the assumption / assertion /
conclusion that…
15)The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between… and…
16) The arguer fails to present any information concerning…
一7)The arguer fails to provide any evidence to prove that…
18)The arguer fails to take into account / consider/explain other possible reasons…
19) The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning…
20) The arguer overemphasizes the importance of…
21)The arguer unfairly assumes that…
22)The arguer's conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that…
23)The argument depends on / rests on / relies on the gratuitous / unreasonable assumption(s) that…
24) The author provides no justification for…
25)The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that…
26) The evidence / facts cannot lend support to the claim/assumption / assertion that…
27) The fact that… does not ensure that… / lends no strong support to…
28) The fact that accomplishes nothing toward bolstering…
29) The fact that.二does not necessarily mean that / ensure that…
30) The fact that… is insufficient to prove / establish that…
31)The fact that… lends no support to the conclusion that…
32) The fact that …says/tells little / nothing (can say nothing) about the conclusion that…
33)The fact.二does not lend significant support to the claim / assumption that…
34) The fact… is scant evidence that…
35) The first problematic assumption is that / involves that…
36) The first / major problem with the argument is that / involves that.二
37) The reasoning that… is open to doubt / doubtful / problematic / questionable / unconvincing / unfounded /
unwarranted.
38) The second/ another assumption (that is) short of/ lacking legitimacy/ without justification is that…
39) The statistical evidence / the result of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be
informative.
40) There are several assumptions that deserve attention.
41)Unless the author can prove that…,the author's claim / assumption/conclusion / assertion that… is
unfounded.
42) We are merely informed that… We cannot ensure that/whether…
43) We cannot safely infer that… from the mere fact that…
44) While it is true that…,it is also likely / true that…
標簽:gre:Argumen正文部分的寫作方法 廣州環球GRE考前突破培訓班
更多關注:廣州環球雅思 廣州環球雅思學校 /hq-ielts/