1902年諾貝爾醫學獎——羅納德·羅斯——發現蚊子傳播瘧疾的途徑( 二 ) _健康小知識

癥狀通常在被受感染的蚊子叮咬后十到十五天開始出現。瘧疾引起的癥狀通常有發燒、疲倦、嘔吐和頭痛。嚴重的情況下，它會導致黃疸、癲癇、昏迷，甚至死亡。如果治療不當，人們可能會在數月后復發。在那些最近從感染中幸存下來的人，再感染引起的癥狀較輕。如果該患者沒有持續接觸瘧疾，這種部分抵抗力會在數月至數年內消失。

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Englishversion：
ThesecondNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1902wasawardedtotheBritishphysicianRonaldRossforhisdiscoveryofthewaymosquitoestransmitmalaria.
RonaldRosswasborninAlmora,India,theeldestoftenchildrenofBritishIndianArmyGeneralSirCampbellRoss.Attheageofeight,hewassentbacktoEnglandtolivewithhisauntanduncleontheIsleofWight,wherehecompletedhisstudies.RonaldRosswasinterestedinart,buthisfatherstillletRosschoosemedicine.Duetolackofinterestinmedicine,itisnotverygoodatthemedicalstudentstage.
Aftergraduation,RosswenttoworkinIndiaonawarshiponSeptember22,1881.In1883,hewassenttoBengaluruasanactinggarrisonsurgeon,duringwhichtimehenoticedthepossibilityofcontrollingmosquitopopulationsbyrestrictingtheiraccesstowater.
InMarch1894,hereturnedtoLondonwithhisfamilyonvacationandmetSirPatrickManson.MansonintroducedhimtotherealproblemsinmalariaresearchandwasconvincedthatIndiawasthebestplacetostudymalaria.
RossreturnedtoIndiaonMarch20,1895,toformallybeginhisresearchonmalaria.Beforehisluggageclearedcustoms,heheadedstraighttotheMumbaiCivilHospitaltolookformalariapatientsandstartmakingbloodfilms.
InMay1895,RossobservedtheearlystagesofPlasmodiuminthestomachofmosquitoes,animportantstepinthediscoverythatmosquitoestransmitmalaria.However,hisenthusiasmandplanswereinterruptedwhenhewasdispatchedtoBangaloretoinvestigatecholera.
InJuly1897,Rossmanagedtogrow20adult"brown"mosquitoesfromthelarvaehecollected,andhadthemsuccessfullysuckthebloodofmalariapatients,beforedissectingthemosquitoes.
OnAugust20,1897,heconfirmedthepresenceofPlasmodiuminthemosquitogut,whichheinitiallyidentifiedas"SpottedWing"(whichlaterturnedouttobeaspeciesofAnopheles).OnAugust21,heconfirmedthegrowthofPlasmodiuminmosquitoes.ThediscoverywaspublishedintheIndianMedicalBulletinonAugust27,1897,andintheBritishMedicalJournalinDecember.
InSeptember1897,Rosswastransferredtoworkinamalaria-freelocation,sohisresearchwasdiscontinued.
【1902年諾貝爾醫學獎——羅納德·羅斯——發現蚊子傳播瘧疾的途徑】OnFebruary17,1898,RossarrivedinCalcuttatoworkatthePresidentialGeneralHospital.Rossimmediatelybeganresearchonmalariaandvisceralleishmaniasis,alsoknownaskala-azar.Butfollow-upstudieswereunsuccessfulbecausepatientswerealwaysgiventhedrugrightaway.Mansonlaterpersuadedhimtousebirdsasresearchmodels.
Finallyidentifyingtheinfectedsparrowasasuitablemodelforthestudy,byJuly1898RosshadidentifiedtheimportanceoftheCulexmosquitoasanintermediatehostforavianmalaria.OnJuly4,hediscoveredthatthesalivaryglandsserveasstoragesitesforthemalariaparasiteinmosquitoes.OnJuly8,hewasconvincedthattheparasitewasreleasedfromthesalivaryglandswhenitbitpeople.HelaterdemonstratedtheentireprocessofPlasmodiumtransmission,inwhichmosquitoestransmittheparasitefrominfectedsparrowstohealthysparrows.
RonaldRoss,whowontheNobelPrizeforhisdiscoveryofthelifecycleoftheavianmalariaparasite,establishedhisconceptofmalariatransmissionnotinhumans,butinbirds.Rosswasthefirsttoshowthatthemalariaparasitewastransmittedbythebiteofaninfectedmosquito,inhiscasePlasmodiumfowl.In1897,ItalianphysicianandzoologistGiovanniGrassiandhiscolleaguesdeterminedthedevelopmentalstagesofPlasmodiumintheAnophelesmosquito;fulllifecycle.
Whenconsideringthe1902NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,theNobelcommitteeoriginallyintendedthattheprizebesharedbyRossandGrassi,butRossaccusedGrassiofdeliberatefraud,andRossendedupwiththeprizealone.
Nowweallunderstandthetransmissionrouteofmalaria,whichiscausedbythesingle-celledmicroorganismsofthePlasmodiumgroup.ItistransmittedthroughthebiteofaninfectedAnophelesmosquito,whichintroducestheparasiteinitssalivaintoaperson'sbloodstream,causinginfectioninhumans.Plasmodiumcirculatesthroughthebloodstreamtotheliverwhereitmaturesandreproduces.